What are the intraosseous sites for adults?

The intraosseous (IO) sites for adults primarily consist of areas where the bone is relatively accessible for the rapid administration of medications and fluids during emergency situations. The proximal humerus, proximal tibia, and distal femur are indeed recognized as effective IO insertion sites.

The proximal humerus provides a well-vascularized area for IO access, which is particularly useful in scenarios where intravenous access is challenging or time-critical. The proximal tibia is another frequently used site because of its ease of access and the safety of the procedure, making it a preferred location for many emergency responders. The distal femur, while less commonly used, can also provide access due to its size and proximity to major blood vessels, allowing for adequate fluid resuscitation and drug administration.

Each of these sites is ideal for rapid intraosseous access, particularly in the context of treating critically ill patients when intravenous access is not feasible.